Reactivating Damaged Motor Neurons Using Magnetic Fields
Motor neurons in healthy individuals send signals to the skeletal muscles. ALS, however, is currently an incurable, neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons are severely damaged and can therefore no longer transmit these signals. An interdisciplinary team at HZDR has proven in cell experiments that magnetic fields can restore impaired motor neurons. This could serve as the groundwork for an entirely new therapeutic approach in curing neurodegenerative diseases, as currently reported in Cells, the international journal for cell and molecular biology as well as biophysics (DOI: 10.3390/cells12111502).

Kann ein menschliches Organ auf Einzelzellebene kartiert werden? Wie unterschiedlich sind einzelne Zellen zwischen Menschen? Forschende von Helmholtz Munich und ein internationales Team haben sich dieser Herausforderung gestellt und mit Hilfe von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) den „Human Lung Cell Atlas“ entwickelt. Dieser klärt über die Diversität einzelner Zellen auf und erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Lungenbiologie von gesunden und kranken Organen. Somit ist er der erste Einzelzell-Atlas eines großen Organs. Erstellt wurde er im Rahmen des „Human Cell Atlas“ (HCA), einem weltweiten Gemeinschaftsprojekt zur Kartierung des gesamten Körpers. Die Ergebnisse sind in Nature Medicine veröffentlicht.

Can a human organ be mapped on a single-cell level to learn more about each individual cell? And can we learn how different these cells are from person to person? Helmholtz Munich researchers and their collaborators have taken up this challenge and developed the Human Lung Cell Atlas using artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques. This atlas elucidates the diversity of single lung cell types and allows learning about lung biology in health and disease. It is the first major integrated organ and was built as part of the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) initiative, a worldwide collaborative effort to map the entire body at the level of single cells. The results were published in Nature Medicine.

Bei Pflanzen kommt es oft zu einer Degenration von Blatt- und Blütengewebe. Diese Degeneration beginnt bei Getreidepflanzen wie Gerste mit einem Wachstumsstillstand der Ährenspitze. Um die molekularen Grundlagen der Degeneration der Ährenenspitzen während der Vorblüteentwicklung (PTD) aufzuklären, nutzte ein internationales Forschungsteam unter Führung des IPK Leibniz-Instituts verschiedene Ansätze und zeigte, dass die Gersten-PTD zu Zucker- und Aminosäureabbau und einer Abscisinsäure-Reaktionen führt. Zudem identifizierte das Forschungsteam das Gen GRASSY TILLERS1 (HvGT1) als wichtigen Modulator der PTD. Die Ergebnisse wurden jetzt in der Fachzeitschrift „Plant Cell“ veröffentlicht.

Newly discovered biomarker signatures point to a whole range of previously unknown organisms that dominated complex life on Earth about a billion years ago. They differed from complex eukaryotic life as we know it, such as animals, plants and algae in their cell structure and likely metabolism, which was adapted to a world that had far less oxygen in the atmosphere than today. Benjamin Nettersheim from the MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen and Faculty of Geosciences at the University of Bremen and an international team of researchers now report on this breakthrough for the field of evolutionary geobiology in the journal Nature.

A major component of the cell’s protein destruction machine moonlights at brain synapses

A new study by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research discovered a ‘moonlighting’ function carried out by a complex that normally works to degrade proteins in cells – this protein destruction machine is called the proteasome. The scientists found, by counting and visualizing individual protein complexes, that one part of the proteasome (the 19S regulatory complex) was abundant near brain synapses where it regulates synaptic proteins and transmission on its own – without its partner.

Our cells are crisscrossed by a system of membrane tubes and pockets called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is crucial for the production of biomolecules and is continuously built up and degraded. Degradation, known as ER-phagy, is promoted by the protein ubiquitin, which controls many processes in the cell. If the proteins involved in ER-phagy are defective, neurodegenerative diseases result. This has been discovered by an international research team led by Goethe University Frankfurt (as part of the EMTHERA research cluster) and Jena University Hospital and published in two papers in the renowned journal Nature.

Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s disease: the behavior of certain molecules that play a role in sub-cellular processes influence the development of such neurodegenerative diseases. Scientists from Mischa Bonn’s department at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research and Sapun Parekh’s lab at the University of Texas have now studied a specific protein using various methods to better understand the mechanism behind these diseases.

Centromeres, the DNA sections often found at the center of the chromosomes, display enormous interspecies diversity, despite having the same vital role during cell division across almost the entire tree of life. An international team of researchers has discovered that the variation in centromere DNA regions can be strikingly large even within a single species. The findings, now published in the journal Nature, shed light on the molecular mechanisms of rapid centromere evolution and their potential role in the formation of new species.

Researchers at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf have demonstrated cross-reactive immune responses to another SARS-CoV-2 protein besides the spike protein. The research team found a broad immune system T cell response to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from COVID patients as well as from subjects who were never infected with SARS-CoV-2. The T cells of the never-infected probands presumably arose from previous infection with other common cold coronaviruses and cross-reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in the tests.

An international team of researchers from the University of Georgia, USA, and the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, presents a promising strategy for elucidating metabolic pathways for plant compounds of medicinal importance. The research team studied the biosynthesis of two alkaloids from the plant Catharanthus roseus that are used in human medicine as anti-cancer agents. By using single-cell analyses, the scientists were able to discover new genes important for biosynthesis and show that the intermediates of the metabolic pathway accumulate in specific cell types.

Materials made of spider silk can be specifically modified or processed in such a way that living cells of a certain type adhere to them, grow and proliferate. This has been discovered by researchers at the University of Bayreuth under the direction of Prof. Dr. Thomas Scheibel. Cell-specific effects of the materials can be generated by biochemical modifications of the silk proteins, but also by surface structuring of spider silk coatings. The research findings, published in „Advanced Healthcare Materials“ and „Advanced Materials Interfaces“, are pioneering for regenerative medicine and the production of artificial tissue.

Das Proteom beschreibt die Gesamtheit aller aktiven Eiweißmoleküle in einem Organismus, einem Gewebe oder einer Zelle unter festgelegten Bedingungen und zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt. Ein internationales Forschungsteam unter der Leitung von Wissenschaftler:innen der Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, des Francis Crick Institute in London, der Universitäten Zürich und Edinburgh hat jetzt die umfassendste zelluläre Proteom-Landkarte auf der Basis von Hefen als Modellorganismen erstellt. Sie gibt Einblick in bislang unerforschte Gene und die Art und Weise, wie Proteine entsprechend ihrer Bauanleitung hergestellt und reguliert werden. Die Studie ist im aktuellen Fachjournal Cell* erschienen.

The human body contains more than 30 trillion cells. Until recently, the sheer number of cells in the organism meant that approaches to understanding human diseases and developmental processes based on the analysis of single cells were a futuristic vision. The development of new sequencing methods is currently revolutionising our understanding of cellular heterogeneity. These technologies can detect rare or even new cell types by extracting and sequencing the genetic information from the cells based on ribonucleic acid chains.

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue after blood, with about two million bone transplants performed worldwide each year – but often with only moderate therapeutic success. Cell-based therapies could provide an alternative approach to transplantation. Together with colleagues from Paracelsus Medical Private University (PMU) Salzburg, researchers at the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité (BIH) have now demonstrated that human progenitor cells can regenerate large bone defects and form new mineralized tissue. The researchers have published the findings from their work in the journal Science Translational Medicine*.

Researchers from Freiburg and Kiel discover that actin acts in the cell nucleus and is partly responsible for the expression of male sexual characteristics

On 16 March 2023, the Scientific Director of the Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Jörg Overmann, was elected speaker of Section C – Life Sciences – of the Leibniz Association. The renowned microbiologist is thus also a member of the Leibniz Association’s Presidential Board.

The human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 is able to infect various tissues in humans. Once inside the cells, the virus integrates its genome into the cellular genome and establishes persistent infections. The role of the structure and organisation of the host genome in HIV-1 infection is not well understood. Using a cell culture model based on brain immune microglia cells, an international research team led by scientists from Heidelberg University Hospital and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) now defined the insertion patterns of HIV-1 in the genome of microglia cells.

The pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus escapes elimination from surface cells of the human lung by binding to a human protein. In doing so, it is able to nest in so called phagosomes, confined areas in the lung cells, and thus prevents cell processes that would kill the fungus from being set in motion. Researchers at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI) have thus discovered a possible new target against the fungal infection.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of severe blood cancers is the only medical intervention that has cured two people living with HIV in the past. An international group of physicians and researchers from Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and the United States has now identified another case in which HIV infection has been shown to be cured in the same way. In a study published this week in Nature Medicine, in which DZIF scientists from Hamburg and Cologne played a leading role, the successful healing process of this third patient was for the first time characterised in great detail virologically and immunologically over a time span of ten years.

Autophagy, or “self-eating”, is an essential cellular quality control mechanism that clears the cell of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. This mechanism is inactive under normal conditions and only triggered upon persistent cellular stress. Researchers from the Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Max Perutz Labs uncover a molecular switch that regulates autophagy in plants. Combining evolutionary analysis with a mechanistic experimental approach, they demonstrate that this regulatory mechanism is conserved in eukaryotes. The findings were published on February 10th in the EMBO Journal.

Ribosomes are the nanomachines of the cell whose task is the correct synthesis of proteins. Researchers at the Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center are studying the emergence of these “protein factories”, also known as ribosomes. Led by Prof. Dr Ed Hurt, they have decoded the special role of a heretofore unexplored biogenesis factor in the maturation of precursor ribosomes.

Bonn, January 25, 2023 – Mitochondria, the so-called powerhouse of the cells, are responsible for the energy supply of the organism and fulfill functions in metabolic and signaling processes. Researchers at the University Hospital Bonn (UKB) and the University of Freiburg have gained systematic insight into the organization of proteins in mitochondria. The protein map of mitochondria represents an important basis for further functional characterization of the powerhouse of cell and thus provide implications for diseases. The study has now been published in the renowned scientific journal „Nature“.

Novel drugs, such as vaccines against covid-19, among others, are based on drug transport using nanoparticles. Whether this drug transport is negatively influenced by an accumulation of blood proteins on the nanoparticle’s surface was not clarified for a long time. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research have now followed the path of such a particle into a cell using a combination of several microscopy methods. They were able to observe a cell-internal process that effectively separates blood components and nanoparticles.

Coenzyme Q distribution within the cell is regulated by mitochondria

Antioxidants are often advertised as a cure-all in nutrition and offered as dietary supplements. However, our body also produces such radical scavengers itself, one of which is coenzyme Q. Now researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing have discovered how the substance, which is produced in our mitochondria, reaches the cell surface and protects our cells from dying.