Nicotine use is associated with measurable effects on the cardiovascular system, regardless of the delivery method used, finds a recent review led by University Medical Center Mainz. The researchers compiled molecular biology, preclinical, clinical, and biomarker data to compare the health consequences of common nicotine products. The study revealed that the greatest burden on the cardiovascular system was associated with combustion products such as cigarettes and waterpipes, while heated tobacco products and e-cigarettes fell into the moderate range. Oral nicotine products also posed a measurable cardiovascular risk. The findings were published in the journal Nature Reviews Cardiology.