Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen explores skeletal features as an alternative to DNA analysis

Das Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment an der Universität Tübingen untersucht Skelettmerkmale als möglichen Ersatz für DNA-Analysen

Vielfalt der Körpergröße von Schildkröten untersucht.
Internationale Forschende, unter ihnen Dr. Gabriel Ferreira vom Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment an der Universität Tübingen, haben die bisher umfänglichste Datensammlung zu Körpergrößen von rezenten und fossilen Schildkröten zusammengestellt. In ihrer im Fachjournal „Ecology and Evolution“ erschienenen Studie stellt das Team fest, dass die Größe der Panzerträger nicht – wie häufig angenommen – mit den klimatischen Verhältnissen zusammenhängt. Vielmehr sei die Lebensweise der Tiere ausschlaggebend für ihre Größenentwicklung.

Affecting hundreds of millions of people, chronic hepatitis B is a widespread global health problem for which there is as yet no cure. In a preclinical study involving the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg University Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and the US company Vir Biotechnology, the potential of an engineered investigational human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis D has been demonstrated. Based on the results, clinical trials with the monoclonal antibody VIR-3434 are ongoing.

Para-cresol is an aromatic compound with a strong horse stable-like odor. It contributes to the off-flavor of some foods, but it is also detectable as a characteristic odorant in whiskey and tobacco, as well as in the urine of various mammals. A research team led by the Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich has now discovered which odorant receptor humans use to perceive para-cresol.

Group of international scientist review options of surveillance-flanked HPAI vaccination
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the subtype H5 has progressed from sporadic seasonal occurrences to a continuous and nearly global panzootic in wild birds. This raises HPAIV incursion pressure into poultry holdings, as well as the risks of secondary spread and human exposure at the poultry-human interface. A group of international scientists outlines how vaccination with zero-tolerance for infection can be achieved by usefully supplementing multiple layers of appropriate surveillance.

Understanding the origins and preservation of biodiversity is crucial as human impact continues to threaten our planet’s rich variety of life. Often overlooked, narrow-ranged and evolutionary unique species play a vital role in shaping biodiversity. Their concentrated presence, quantified as phylogenetic endemism, reveals important centers of biogeographic and evolutionary history. A new study led by a team of international researchers at the University of Göttingen has now uncovered global patterns and factors influencing phylogenetic endemism in seed plants, providing invaluable insights for conservation efforts worldwide. The findings were published in PNAS.

A mechanism underlying several liver diseases is that the bile produced in the liver cannot be secreted into the intestine as intended. This leads to a backlog of bile, which can damage the liver tissue. The research groups of Prof. Trautwein (University Hospital RWTH Aachen) and Prof. Hengstler (Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors in Dortmund) have made a surprising discovery about the interaction of the liver and the intestine. The course of cholestatic liver disease may be milder when the liver disease is accompanied by an additional disease of the intestine. The team discovered that an inflamed intestine influences the liver to produce less bile acids.

University of Tübingen and the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment team investigates human-raven relationships

Team der Universität Tübingen und des Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment erforscht altsteinzeitliche Beziehungen von Mensch und Rabe

Researchers print bacterial biofilms on human lung cells to study chronic lung infections

Kann ein menschliches Organ auf Einzelzellebene kartiert werden? Wie unterschiedlich sind einzelne Zellen zwischen Menschen? Forschende von Helmholtz Munich und ein internationales Team haben sich dieser Herausforderung gestellt und mit Hilfe von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) den „Human Lung Cell Atlas“ entwickelt. Dieser klärt über die Diversität einzelner Zellen auf und erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Lungenbiologie von gesunden und kranken Organen. Somit ist er der erste Einzelzell-Atlas eines großen Organs. Erstellt wurde er im Rahmen des „Human Cell Atlas“ (HCA), einem weltweiten Gemeinschaftsprojekt zur Kartierung des gesamten Körpers. Die Ergebnisse sind in Nature Medicine veröffentlicht.

Can a human organ be mapped on a single-cell level to learn more about each individual cell? And can we learn how different these cells are from person to person? Helmholtz Munich researchers and their collaborators have taken up this challenge and developed the Human Lung Cell Atlas using artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques. This atlas elucidates the diversity of single lung cell types and allows learning about lung biology in health and disease. It is the first major integrated organ and was built as part of the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) initiative, a worldwide collaborative effort to map the entire body at the level of single cells. The results were published in Nature Medicine.

How do today’s indigenous communities of South America trace back to the history of human migration and contact in the continent? An international team has worked to reconstruct the legacy of Chile’s largest indigenous community, the Mapuche, in a quest to strengthen their representation in the history of the continent. It appears the Mapuche long lived in relative isolation but do bear some influences from other populations of the Central Andes and the far south of Chile.

Dreams have been considered a hallmark of human sleep for a long time. Latest findings, however, suggest that when pigeons sleep, they might experience visions of flight. Researchers at Ruhr University Bochum and at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence studied brain activation patterns in sleeping pigeons, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The study revealed that similar to mammals, most of the brain is highly active during REM sleep. However, this wake-like state might come at a cost of reduced waste removal from the brain. The researchers published their findings in the journal Nature Communications on 5 June 2023.

Tirzepatide decreases body weight while improving glucose metabolism in patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes. Although the drug is designed to activate the receptors for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), the contribution of the GIP receptor to its metabolic effects is not yet fully understood. A team of researchers demonstrated for the first time that tirzepatide stimulates insulin secretion in the human pancreas via the GIP receptor. These results contrast with findings in mice, where tirzepatide primarily stimulated insulin secretion with the GLP-1 receptor. This study is now published in Nature Metabolism.

New insights into the genetic diversity and evolution of our closest relatives and the genetic causes of human diseases

The cancer gene MYC drives unrestrained growth of most human cancers. It has been called the “Mount Everest” of cancer research because of the difficulty of designing medications that can disable it, and the expectation that an effective MYC drug could help so many cancer patients. Research groups from the The Wertheim UF Scripps Institute in Florida, the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology in Dortmund and the University of Münster have joined forces and climbed that peak by developing Nature-inspired compounds chopping up MYC’s RNA. This innovative RNA degrader approach could also open new routes to summit other similarly hard-to-treat diseases.

A new drug candidate shows promising results in treating parasitic worm infections. Re-searchers at Swiss TPH tested efficacy and safety of emodepside against the three most im-portant soil-transmitted helminths on Pemba Island in Tanzania. Emodepside is the first new promising drug against parasitic worm infections since several decades. Swiss TPH will now join forces with Bayer to further develop the drug.

Diet drinks often contain a mix of non-nutritive sweeteners that also enter the bloodstream after consumption. As a new pilot study shows, even dietary intake levels of saccharin, acesulfame-K and cyclamate are enough to modulate the copy rate of various genes in white blood cells. „Our data suggest that this modulation sensitizes immune cells to certain immune stimuli,“ says Dietmar Krautwurst of the Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich. He adds: “Likewise, they also suggest that taste receptors may act as sweetener sensors of the cellular immune system.”

An international team of researchers from the University of Georgia, USA, and the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, presents a promising strategy for elucidating metabolic pathways for plant compounds of medicinal importance. The research team studied the biosynthesis of two alkaloids from the plant Catharanthus roseus that are used in human medicine as anti-cancer agents. By using single-cell analyses, the scientists were able to discover new genes important for biosynthesis and show that the intermediates of the metabolic pathway accumulate in specific cell types.

A new study conducted by Helmholtz Munich researchers reveals that ultrafine particles, representing the smallest size fraction of particulate air pollution, might be more dangerous to human health than larger particles. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that it may be insufficient to focus on larger particle concentrations and gases when assessing public health risks. It was now published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

In einer heute im Fachjournal „Quaternary Science Reviews“ erschienenen Studie stellt ein internationales Forschungsteam rund um Forschende der Universität Tübingen und des Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment die frühesten aus Deutschland bekannten menschlichen Fußabdrücke vor. Die Spuren wurden im etwa 300.000 Jahre alten paläolithischen Fundstellenkomplex Schöningen in Niedersachsen entdeckt. Umgeben sind die vermutlich von Homo heidelbergensis stammenden Abdrücke von mehreren Tierspuren – gemeinsam zeichnen sie ein Bild des damaligen Ökosystems. Finanziert wird das Projekt vom Niedersächsischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur und der Universität Tübingen.

The bacteria present in the intestine provide information about the quantities of fungi of the potentially disease-causing Candida genus. Among them, and surprisingly, are lactic acid bacteria that are known for their protective effect against fungal infections. The findings of researchers at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI) and their collaborative partners from Denmark and Hungary add another piece to the puzzle of understanding the human gut microbiome.

Dass sich Kunst positiv auf unser Gemüt auswirken kann, ist bekannt. Aber inwiefern funktioniert das auch beim Betrachten von Gemälden am Bildschirm? Dieser Frage ist ein internationales Forschungsteam der Universität Wien, des Max-Planck-Instituts für Psycholinguistik in Nijmegen und des Max-Planck-Instituts für empirische Ästhetik (MPIEA) in Frankfurt am Main nachgegangen. Die Ergebnisse der vom EU Horizon ART*IS Project finanzierten Studie wurden soeben als Open-Access-Artikel im Fachmagazin Computers in Human Behavior veröffentlicht.